C. Resisting our impulses for immediate pleasure is often the only way to attain the outcomes that are important to us. We want to keep a slim figure but we also want that last slice of pizza. We want a comfortable retirement, but we also want to drive that dazzling car, go on that dream vacation, or get those gorgeous shoes.

　　Some people are better at delaying gratification ( 滿足 ) than others. Those people have a better chance of accumulating wealth and keeping a healthy life style. They are less likely to be impulse buyers or smokers, or to engage in unsafe sex.

　　D. Chen's recent findings suggest that an unlikely factor, language, strongly affects our future-oriented behavior. Some languages strongly distinguish the present and the future. Other languages only weakly distinguish the present and the future. Chen's recent research suggests that people who speak languages that weakly distinguish the present and the future are better prepared for the future. They accumulate more wealth and they are better able to maintain their health. The way these people conceptualize the future is similar to the way they conceptualize the present. As a result, the future does not feel very distant and it is easier for them to act in accordance with their future interestS.

　　E. Different languages have different ways of talking about the future. Some languages, such as English, Korean, and Russian, require their speakers to refer to the future explicitly ( 明確地). Every time English-speakers tall about the future, they have to use future markers such as "will" or "going to." In other languages, such as Mandarin, Japanese, and German, future markers are not obligatory (強(qiáng)制性的). The future is often talked about similar to the way present is talked about and the meaning is understood from the context. A Mandarin speaker who is going to go to a seminar might say "Wo qu ting jiangzuo," which translates to "I go listen seminar." Languages such as English constantly remind their speakers that future events are distant. For speakers of languages such as Mandarin future feels closer. As a consequence, resisting immediate impulses and investing for the future is easier for Mandarin speakers.

　　F.Chert analyzed individual-level data from 76 developed and developing countries. This data includes people's economic decisions, such as whether they saved any money last year, the languages they speak at home, demographics (人口統(tǒng)計(jì)資料 ), and cultural factors such as "saving is an important cultural value for me."

　　He also analyzed individual-level data on people's retirement assets, smoking and exercising habits, and general health in older age. Lastly, he analyzed national-level data that inchides national savings rates, country GDP and GDP growth rates, country demographics, and proportions of people speaking different languages.

　　G. People's savings rates are affected by various factors such as their income, education level, age, religious connection, their countries' legal systems, and their cultural values. After those factors were accounted for, the effect of language on people's savings rates turned out to be big. Speaking a language that has obligatory future markers, such as English, makes people 30 percent less likely to save money for the future. This effect is as large as the effect of unemployment. Being unemployed decreases the likelihood of saving by about 30 percent as well.

　　H. Similar analyses showed that speaking a language that does not have obligatory future markers, such as Mandarin, makes people accumulate more retirement assets, smoke less, exercise more, and generally be healthier in older age. Countries' national savings rates are also affected by language. Having a larger proportion of people speaking languages that does not have obligatory future markers makes national savings rates higher.

　　I.At a more practical level, researchers have been looking for ways to help people act in accordance with their long-term interests. Recent, findings suggest that making the future feel closer to the present might improve future-oriented behavior. For instance, researchers recently presented people with renderings of their future selves made using age-progression algorithms (算法) that forecast how physical appearances would change over time. One group of participants saw a digital representation of their current selves in a virtual mirror, and the other group saw an age-morphed version of their future selves. Those participants who saw the age- morphed version of their future selves allocated more money toward a hypothetical savings account. The intervention brought people's future to the present and as a result they saved more for the future.

　　J.Chen's research shows that language structures our future-related thoughts. Language has been used before to alter time perception with surprising effects. Ellen Langer and colleagues famously improved older people's physical health by simple interventions including asking them to talk about the events of twenty years ago as if it they were happening now. Talking about the past as if it were the present changed people's mindsets and their mindsets affected their physical states. Chen's research points at the possibility that the way we talk about the future can shape our mindsets. Language can move the future back and forth in our mental space and this might have dramatic influences on our judgments and decisions.

　　46. Usually, preventing ourselves from enjoying immediate pleasure impulsively is the only way to achieve the outcomes that are important to us.

　　47. The structure of languages influences us when we are making a judgment or decision about the future.

　　48. Speaking a language that has obligatory future markers and being unemployed nearly share the same percentage of decreasing the likelihood of saving.

　　49. According to the well-known marshmallow studies, people who can resist temptation tend to be successful in the future.

　　50. People who speak languages like English are more likely to feel that the future events are distant.

　　51. National savings rates of countries are influenced by language as well.

　　52. In Chen's recent research, people who speak languages in which the present and the future are weakly distinguished are more prepared for the future.

　　53. Recent findings show that it is possible to improve future-oriented behavior through making the future feel closer to the present.

　　54. Through simple interventions, Ellen Langer and colleagues made the physical health of the older people changed for the better.

　　55. Chen made an analysis of individual-level statistics from 76 developed and developing nations.

　　參考譯文

　　語(yǔ)言如何影響你的財(cái)富與健康

　　A.我們所說(shuō)的語(yǔ)言是否會(huì)決定我們未來(lái)的健康和財(cái)富?耶魯商學(xué)院Keith Chen所做的一項(xiàng)新研究表明事實(shí)正是如此。[47]語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)會(huì)影響我們對(duì)未來(lái)的判斷和決定，而這可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生極其長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的影響。

　　B)關(guān)于我們?nèi)绾螒?yīng)對(duì)未來(lái)的研究有很多。[49]例如，由 Walter Mischel一和他的同事們一起進(jìn)行的著名的“棉花糖實(shí)驗(yàn)”表明：能夠抵御誘惑預(yù)示著未來(lái)的成功。實(shí)驗(yàn)中，實(shí)驗(yàn)員給一些4歲的孩子每人一塊棉花糖，并告訴他們，如果等到實(shí)驗(yàn)員回來(lái)他們還沒(méi)有吃掉棉花糖的話，他們就能得到兩塊棉花糖而不是一塊。后續(xù)研究顯示，那些能夠?yàn)楦蟮倪h(yuǎn)期回報(bào)而等待的孩子在成年后更為成功。

　　C.[46]我們要想獲取一些對(duì)自己來(lái)說(shuō)非常重要的成果，抵制住眼前的一時(shí)痛快往往是唯一的辦法。我們想要保持好身材，卻又想要最后那塊比薩。我們想要舒舒服服地退休，卻也想開(kāi)豪車，完成夢(mèng)寐以求的旅行或者買華麗的鞋子。一些人在推遲滿足感上比其他人做得好。他們更有可能積累財(cái)富并保持一種健康的生活方式。他們不大可能成為沖動(dòng)購(gòu)物者或吸煙者，也不大可能會(huì)發(fā)生危險(xiǎn)的性行為。

　　D.Chen最近的研究結(jié)果表明，語(yǔ)言這一看似不太可能的因素，對(duì)我們未來(lái)的行為有著巨大的影響。在一些語(yǔ)言中很明顯地區(qū)分了現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)，而在其他語(yǔ)言中，這種差別非常模糊。[52]Chen最近的研究表明：使用不太區(qū)分現(xiàn)在和將來(lái)的語(yǔ)言的人對(duì)未來(lái)準(zhǔn)備更充分。他們會(huì)積累更多的財(cái)富，也更能保持自身健康。這些人構(gòu)想未來(lái)的方式和他們構(gòu)思現(xiàn)在的方式類似。因此，他們覺(jué)得未來(lái)并不遙遠(yuǎn)，而且對(duì)于他們來(lái)說(shuō)，采取與其未來(lái)利益相符的行為方式也更為容易。

　　E.當(dāng)談?wù)搶?lái)時(shí)，不同的語(yǔ)言有不同的表達(dá)方式。一些像英語(yǔ)、韓語(yǔ)及俄語(yǔ)之類的語(yǔ)言要求他們的使用者清楚明確地指出將來(lái)。講英語(yǔ)的人每次談到將來(lái)時(shí)必須使用相應(yīng)的標(biāo)志性詞匯，例如“將”(will)或“打算”(goingto)。而其他的一些語(yǔ)言，像中國(guó)的普通話、日語(yǔ)和德語(yǔ)則不一定非要那樣。人們談?wù)撐磥?lái)和談?wù)摤F(xiàn)在的方式相似，要通過(guò)語(yǔ)境才能理解意思。一個(gè)說(shuō)普通話的人如果打算去聽(tīng)講座，可能會(huì)說(shuō)“我去聽(tīng)講座”，譯成英語(yǔ)就是“I go listen seminar”。[50]諸如英語(yǔ)這樣的語(yǔ)言會(huì)不斷提醒其使用者未來(lái)是很遙遠(yuǎn)的。而對(duì)于說(shuō)普通話之類語(yǔ)言的人來(lái)說(shuō)，未來(lái)則顯得很近。因此，講中文的人更容易抵抗一時(shí)沖動(dòng)，也更會(huì)為未拳投資。

　　F.[55]Chen分析了來(lái)自76個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和發(fā)展中國(guó)家的個(gè)人層面的數(shù)據(jù)。這些數(shù)據(jù)包括人們的經(jīng)濟(jì)決策(譬如去年有沒(méi)有存錢)、在家中所使用的語(yǔ)言、人口統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)以及一些文化因素，如“儲(chǔ)蓄對(duì)于我來(lái)說(shuō)是一種非常重要的文化價(jià)值觀”。他還分析了關(guān)于人們的退休資產(chǎn)、吸煙和運(yùn)動(dòng)習(xí)慣以及老年人的總體健康狀況等個(gè)人層面的數(shù)據(jù)。最后，他分析了國(guó)家層面的數(shù)據(jù)，包括國(guó)民儲(chǔ)蓄率、國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值及其增長(zhǎng)率、國(guó)家人口統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)以及使用不同語(yǔ)言的人所占的比例。

　　G.諸如收入、教育水平、年齡、宗教信仰、所在國(guó)的法律體系及文化價(jià)值觀等各種因素都影響著人們的儲(chǔ)蓄率。排除了這些因素，語(yǔ)言對(duì)人們儲(chǔ)蓄率的巨大影響就突顯了出來(lái)。[48]使用像英語(yǔ)這種必須明確表明“未來(lái)”的語(yǔ)言使得人們?yōu)閬?lái)儲(chǔ)蓄的可能性降低了三成。該影響和失業(yè)的影響差不多大。由于失業(yè)，儲(chǔ)蓄的可能性也降了大約三成。

　　H.類似的分析顯示，使用不一定必須標(biāo)明“未來(lái)”的語(yǔ)言，比如中文，能夠讓人們積累更多的退休資產(chǎn)，少吸煙，多鍛煉，并且在老年時(shí)總體上更健康。[51]語(yǔ)言同樣也影響著一個(gè)國(guó)家的國(guó)民儲(chǔ)蓄率。如果一個(gè)國(guó)家的大部分人使用的語(yǔ)言不用必須表明“未來(lái)”，這個(gè)國(guó)家的國(guó)家儲(chǔ)蓄率往往會(huì)更高。

　　I.從更實(shí)際的角度來(lái)看，研究者們一直在尋找方法幫助人們采取與其長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)未來(lái)的利益相符的行為方式。[53]近期的研究表明，一讓未來(lái)顯得離現(xiàn)在更近也許可以改善人們針對(duì)未來(lái)的行為表現(xiàn)。例如，研究者最近就使用年齡預(yù)見(jiàn)算法預(yù)測(cè)出人們?nèi)蓊伒淖兓?，然后將受訪者未來(lái)的樣子呈現(xiàn)給他們。一組參與者在虛擬鏡像里看見(jiàn)了當(dāng)前自我的數(shù)字影像，另一組人看見(jiàn)了未來(lái)的自己容顏隨年齡變化的影像那些看到自己年老模樣的參與者將更多的錢撥到一個(gè)虛擬的儲(chǔ)蓄賬戶中。這種干預(yù)方法將人們的未來(lái)帶到了當(dāng)下，于是他們會(huì)為未來(lái)存更多的錢。

　　J.Chen的研究表明，正是語(yǔ)言形成了我們關(guān)于未來(lái)的想法。之前語(yǔ)言曾被用來(lái)改變?nèi)藗儗?duì)時(shí)間的看法，并且效果驚人。[54]Enen Langer和她的同事們通過(guò)簡(jiǎn)單的干預(yù)極大地改善了老年人的身體健康：這些干預(yù)手段包括讓他們談?wù)?0年前的事情，就像那些事情現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生一樣。用現(xiàn)在時(shí)談?wù)撨^(guò)去的事情改變了人的心態(tài)，而心態(tài)影響著人的身體狀況。Chen的研究指出了我們談?wù)撐磥?lái)的方式可能會(huì)影響我們的心態(tài)的可能性。語(yǔ)言可以讓未來(lái)在我們的心理空間中來(lái)回穿梭，而這有可能對(duì)我們的判斷和決策產(chǎn)生極大的影響。

　　答案解析

　　46.C

　　解析：題干意為，讓自己不要沖動(dòng)地貪圖一時(shí)之樂(lè)通常是獲得那些對(duì)我們來(lái)說(shuō)非常重要的成果的唯一辦法。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息enjoying immediate pleasure、the only way和outcomes that are important to us。文中論及克制沖動(dòng)、推遲滿足感的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在C段，該段首句提到，我們要想獲取一些 對(duì)自己來(lái)說(shuō)非常重要的成果，抵制住眼前的一時(shí)痛快往往是唯一的辦法。由此可見(jiàn)，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為C。

　　47.A

　　解析：題干意為，語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)會(huì)在我們做出一個(gè)關(guān)乎未來(lái)的判斷或決定時(shí)對(duì)我們產(chǎn)生影響。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息the structure of languages、judgement or decision和the furore。文中A段即提出本文論題：語(yǔ)言是否會(huì)決定我們未來(lái)的健康和財(cái)富?該段接下來(lái)的內(nèi)容則對(duì)此論題給予了肯定陳述，該段末句提到，語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)會(huì)影響我們對(duì)未來(lái)的判斷和決定，而這可能會(huì)產(chǎn)生極其長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的影響。由此可見(jiàn)，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為A。

　　48.G

　　解析：題干意為，使用必須明確表明未來(lái)的語(yǔ)言和失業(yè)在降低人們?yōu)閷?lái)儲(chǔ)蓄的可能性方面的作用近乎相同。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息a language that has obligatory future markers、being unemployed和 decreasing the likelihood of saving。文中論述語(yǔ)言和失業(yè)與個(gè)人儲(chǔ)蓄率之間關(guān)系的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在G段，該段第三句和第四句提到.使用像英語(yǔ)這種必須明確表明“未來(lái)”的語(yǔ)言使得人們?yōu)槲磥?lái)儲(chǔ)蓄的可能性降低了三成，這樣一種影響跟失業(yè)的影響差不多。由此可見(jiàn)，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為G。

　　49.B

　　解析：題干意為，依據(jù)著名的棉花糖實(shí)驗(yàn)，能夠抵御誘惑的人趨向于在未來(lái)取得成功。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息marshmallow studies、resist temptation和to be successful in the future。文章的8段描述了著名的棉花糖實(shí)驗(yàn)，該段第二句提到，由WalterMischel和他的同事們一起進(jìn)行的著名的“棉花糖實(shí)驗(yàn)”表明：能夠抵御誘惑預(yù)示著未來(lái)的成功。由此可見(jiàn)，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為B。

　　50.E

　　解析：題干意為，使用英語(yǔ)之類的語(yǔ)言的人很容易認(rèn)為未來(lái)的事情很遙遠(yuǎn)。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息languageslikeEnglish和thefuture events are distant。文中涉及英語(yǔ)等不同語(yǔ)種對(duì)人感知未來(lái)遠(yuǎn)近產(chǎn)生影響的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在E段，該段倒數(shù)第三句提到，諸如英語(yǔ)這樣的語(yǔ)言會(huì)不斷地提醒其使用者未來(lái)是很遙遠(yuǎn)的。由此可見(jiàn)，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為E。

　　51.H

　　解析：題干意為，各個(gè)國(guó)家的國(guó)民儲(chǔ)蓄率也受到語(yǔ)言的影響。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息national savings ratesofcountries和influencedbylanguage。文中第H段論述了語(yǔ)言對(duì)國(guó)民儲(chǔ)蓄率的影響，該段第二句提到，語(yǔ)言同樣也影響著一個(gè)國(guó)家的國(guó)民儲(chǔ)蓄率。由此可見(jiàn)，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為H。

　　52.D

　　解析：題干意為，在Chen最近的研究中，那些使用不明顯區(qū)分現(xiàn)在和未來(lái)的語(yǔ)言的人能夠更好地為將來(lái)做好準(zhǔn)備。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息Chen’s recent research、weakly distinguished和more prepared forthefuture。文章D段介紹了Chert的最新研究成果，該段第四句提到，使用不太區(qū)分現(xiàn)在和未來(lái)的語(yǔ)言的人對(duì)未來(lái)準(zhǔn)備得更充分。由此可見(jiàn)，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為D。

　　53.I

　　解析：題干意為，最近的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，通過(guò)讓未來(lái)顯得離現(xiàn)在更近也許可以改善人們針對(duì)未來(lái)的表現(xiàn)。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息recent findings、improve future—oriented behavior和feel closer。文章的l段論述了科學(xué)家們?cè)噲D尋找方法，使人們更多地考慮長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)利益。該段第二句提到，近期的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，讓未來(lái)顯得離現(xiàn)在更近也許可以改善人們針對(duì)未來(lái)的行為表現(xiàn)。由此可見(jiàn)，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為I。

　　54.J

　　解析：題干意為，通過(guò)簡(jiǎn)單的干預(yù)，EllenLanger和同事們讓老年人的身體健康狀況得到改善。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息simple interventions、Ellen Langer and colleagues和physical health。涉及通過(guò)簡(jiǎn)單干預(yù)改善老人身體健康的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在J段，該段第三句提到，EllenLanger和她的同事們通過(guò)簡(jiǎn)單的干預(yù)極大地改善了老年人的身體健康。這些干預(yù)手段包括讓他們談?wù)?0年前的事情，就像那些事情現(xiàn)在正在發(fā)生一樣。由此可見(jiàn)，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為J。

　　55.F

　　解析：題干意為，Chen對(duì)來(lái)自76個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和發(fā)展中國(guó)家的個(gè)人層面的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了分析。注意抓住題干中的關(guān)鍵信息analysis of individual—level statistics和76 developed and developing nations。文中涉及Chen所分析的數(shù)據(jù)的內(nèi)容出現(xiàn)在F段，該段首句提到，Chen分析了來(lái)自76個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和發(fā)展中國(guó)家的個(gè)人層面的數(shù)據(jù)。由此可見(jiàn)，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為F。