英語(yǔ)四級(jí)段落首句作文的寫(xiě)作要領(lǐng)
時(shí)間：
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英語(yǔ)四級(jí)作文
寫(xiě)好段首句作文必須注意審清題意，正確理解段首句、寫(xiě)好擴(kuò)展句及注意連貫與呼應(yīng)。
審清題意
段首句作文從題目、段首句可以很容易地判斷出文章的體裁和寫(xiě)作的目的。審題時(shí)，應(yīng)著重弄清題目與段首句之間的邏輯關(guān)系，明確題目和段首句所提示的寫(xiě)作范圍、側(cè)重點(diǎn)和方向，從而確定主題思想。比如，第一種段首句的作文題目是Pleasures in Reading(讀書(shū)的樂(lè)趣)，把它與三個(gè)段首句聯(lián)系起來(lái)審題，就能確定文章的主題思想應(yīng)圍繞讀書(shū)給人生帶來(lái)的樂(lè)趣展開(kāi)。
正確理解段首句
正確理解段首句的意旨是續(xù)寫(xiě)成敗的關(guān)鍵，因?yàn)槎问拙淇赡艽硪粋€(gè)段落的主題思想。作者必須在正確理解段首句的基礎(chǔ)上續(xù)寫(xiě)、擴(kuò)展各段。領(lǐng)會(huì)段首句時(shí)，要反復(fù)推敲其含義，找出句中的核心詞，因?yàn)楹诵脑~凝聚著段落的內(nèi)容，指明續(xù)寫(xiě)的方向。核心詞有時(shí)是一個(gè)詞，有時(shí)是一個(gè)短語(yǔ)。比如，Pleasures in Reading的第一段段首句“I enjoy reading very much.” 的核心詞是“enjoy”(喜歡);第二段段首句“In the first place, reading can disperse loneliness.”的核心詞是“disperse loneliness”(消除寂寞);第三段段首句“Furthermore, reading can add fullness to my life.”的核心詞是“add fullness”(豐富生活)。展開(kāi)各段時(shí)，應(yīng)該重點(diǎn)突出、擴(kuò)大、延伸這三個(gè)核心詞所包含的內(nèi)容。
寫(xiě)好擴(kuò)展句
擴(kuò)展句的目的是闡明、展開(kāi)、補(bǔ)充主題句，起著“論據(jù)”、“具體事例”、“詳情解釋”等作用，并使主題句內(nèi)容具體化。也就是說(shuō)，擴(kuò)展句應(yīng)回答“how and why”(怎么樣和為什么)的問(wèn)題。寫(xiě)好擴(kuò)展句就要以核心詞為起始點(diǎn)，緊扣主題思想，深化主題句內(nèi)容。
注意連貫與呼應(yīng)
續(xù)寫(xiě)要注意各段之間內(nèi)容的連貫與呼應(yīng)。如果沒(méi)有審清作文題和段落之間發(fā)展的必然聯(lián)系，就匆忙下筆，生編硬套，勢(shì)必造成各段內(nèi)容松散，前后矛盾。段首句作文三個(gè)段落之間的關(guān)系一般是“并列”和“轉(zhuǎn)折”。如Pleasures in Reading的第二、三段段首句前的兩個(gè)過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)“In the first place”和“Furthermore”表示并列關(guān)系。通過(guò)主題句，我們知道，第一段和第二、第三之間又存在著因果關(guān)系，因?yàn)榈诙⒌谌谓忉屛覟槭裁聪矚g讀書(shū)。續(xù)寫(xiě)這兩段，應(yīng)注意它們之間以及全文的連貫與呼應(yīng)。
以Pleasures in Reading這個(gè)段首句作文題為例。第一段的續(xù)寫(xiě)考慮到開(kāi)頭段的性質(zhì)和作用(概括內(nèi)容、點(diǎn)明主題、交代目的)，應(yīng)明確地闡述本文的中心論點(diǎn)。第二段的續(xù)寫(xiě)可以通過(guò)舉例、擺事實(shí)來(lái)論述讀書(shū)為什么能(why)和怎樣才能(how)“消除寂寞”。第三段同樣用舉例論證法來(lái)論述讀書(shū)為什么和怎樣才能“豐富生活”。這樣續(xù)寫(xiě)，讀起來(lái)感到充分、有說(shuō)服力。請(qǐng)看范文：來(lái)源：www.examda.com
Pleasures in Reading
①I(mǎi) enjoy reading very much. ②Quite often I am so absorbed in a good book that for the time being I forget my surrounding and even myself. ③I think reading can offer me certain pleasures that real life cannot do.④In the first place, reading can disperse loneliness. ⑤In the pages of books I can talk and walk with the wise and the good of all lands and all times. ⑥The people I meet in books are always ready to give me friendship, sympathy, and encouragement, whereas my friends in reality cannot give me these when they leave me.⑦Furthermore, reading can add fullness to my life. ⑧By reading I can travel around the whole world, and lead varied lives. ⑨Through books the beauties of nature, the enjoyment of art, the triumphs of architecture, the marvels of engineering, are all open to my wonder and appreciation. ⑩It can be said those who cannot enjoy reading are poor men; those who enjoy reading most can obtain the greatest pleasure from it. ①主題句 ②舉例說(shuō)明“我”很喜歡讀書(shū) ③結(jié)尾句/過(guò)渡句 ④主題句/樂(lè)趣一 ⑤⑥具體解釋讀書(shū)為什么能和怎樣消除寂寞 ⑦主題句/樂(lè)趣二 ⑧⑨解釋讀書(shū)為什么能和怎樣豐富生活 ⑩總結(jié)全文
再如，在以Chinese Women 為題的這篇段首句作文中，第一段的核心詞是“liberated in many aspects”。因此，第一段應(yīng)著重闡述中國(guó)婦女在哪些方面已獲得了解放。第二段段首句的過(guò)渡詞“However”，表示意思轉(zhuǎn)折，與第一段內(nèi)容形成對(duì)立關(guān)系，要求寫(xiě)婦女沒(méi)有獲得解放的方面。展開(kāi)主題時(shí)，應(yīng)注重事例要典型、突出。第三段給出的句子位于段尾，可視為結(jié)論句。其中“more”一詞表示婦女現(xiàn)在的狀況良好，將來(lái)會(huì)更好。該段的續(xù)寫(xiě)要簡(jiǎn)明扼要地指明婦女目前良好的總體狀況，以便和最后一句自然銜接。請(qǐng)看范文：
Chinese Women
⑴Women in China have been liberated in many aspects. ⑵They enjoy the right to vote; they go to universities; they compete with men in any professional field on equal terms. ⑶They have shown that they are capable of being good leaders and of doing many important things. ⑷Practically, they are “holding up half the sky”.⑸However, there still exist some problems. ⑹Some people think women cannot hold many important posts as men do. ⑺For example, the female college students are often refused to enter into some professions where the male students have the priority. ⑻Besides, women are still treated as the inferior sex in some rural areas. ⑼Their only position is considered to raise children and do household chores.⑽Generally, with the rapid development of our economy, women have made enormous strides in their social status; they get equal position as men do. ⑾In the future, we can expect a more promising prospect for Chinese women. ⑴主題句⑵⑶舉例說(shuō)明婦女在哪些方面獲得解放⑷結(jié)尾句/小結(jié)⑸主題句/指出還存在問(wèn)題⑹問(wèn)題一⑺舉例證明問(wèn)題一⑻問(wèn)題二⑼具體論證問(wèn)題二⑽總結(jié)婦女目前良好的總體狀況⑾展望中國(guó)婦女未來(lái)的狀況
最后，再看Project Hope這篇段首句作文題。根據(jù)所給材料和題目，這篇文章的主題思想是，“希望工程”對(duì)我國(guó)的建設(shè)具有重大的意義。第一段的段首句是“希望工程”的定義。要拓寬這個(gè)定義，續(xù)寫(xiě)內(nèi)容應(yīng)放在“希望工程”的作用、目的、意義上。第二段主題句的核心詞是“important”。擴(kuò)展句應(yīng)從國(guó)家建設(shè)、教育的角度來(lái)論述“希望工程”的重大意義。第三段的段首給出“In my opinion”這一介詞短語(yǔ)，提醒我們這一段應(yīng)闡述自己對(duì)“希望工程”的看法。但要注意緊扣主題思想，避免離題。請(qǐng)看下面的范文：
Project Hope
①Project Hope is an urgent measure that our government has taken to help poor children in China who cannot afford to go to school. ②The project aims at providing underprivileged children with tuition fees, setting up new primary schools, and supplying poorly equipped elementary schools with better teaching facilities.③This project is of great importance to our country. ④In the first place, it brings great hope to thousands of children who can now sit again in their classrooms and acquire knowledge, which will be very useful to their future. ⑤Secondly, as most children have access to education, it will lead to the enhancement of the intelligence level in our country. ⑥Thus the project will benefit the modernization of our country a lot.⑦In my opinion, the project has a far-reaching influence on the construction of our country. ⑧How well a country is developed is largely depends on how well its people are educated. ⑨Therefore, more work should be done to persuade our people throughout the country to make greater contributions to the “Project Hope”. ①“希望工程”的定義 ②“希望工程”的目的 ③主題句/重要性④理由一 ⑤理由二⑥小結(jié)/重申“希望工程”的重要性 ⑦我的意見(jiàn)/看法⑧證明我的看法⑨呼吁人們采取行動(dòng)支持“希望工程”
小結(jié)：在這一講里，我主要談到了段首句作文的形式和寫(xiě)作要領(lǐng)。
下面我們進(jìn)行寫(xiě)作練習(xí)。我將給大家一個(gè)作文題，請(qǐng)大家根據(jù)這一講的內(nèi)容，在30分鐘內(nèi)完成。大家在寫(xiě)作的過(guò)程中要注意審題，考慮文章的結(jié)構(gòu)、采用的擴(kuò)展方法、開(kāi)頭的結(jié)尾的方法等。
練習(xí)：
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Traffic Problems in Our City in three paragraphs. For the first two paragraphs, the first sentence is given and you may just write on to complete the paragraphs. As to the remaining part, you are required to work out a topic sentence and develop it into a well-organized paragraph which will lead to the concluding sentence given at the end of this essay. Your part of the composition should be no less than 120 words, not including the words given.
Traffic Problems in Our City
1. Traffic is one of the essential activities for our city. ____________.
2. Owing to the major part it plays, traffic has long been a serious concern for the municipal government. ______________________.
3. ________________. Only when these problems are effectively solved, will our city be able to survive the nation-wide competition and function as an economic center.
參考文章:
Ever since early last century, electricity has become an essential part of our modern life.The most obvious example is that electricity lamps give us light at night. Besides, electricity is needed when we watch TV or listen to the radio. Electricity is also essential for many household appliances such as air-conditioners, refrigerators and microwave stoves. In a word, there is hardly anything in our modern life that has nothing to do with electric power
If there were no power, our world would be in a state of confusion. For one thing, machines in factories would stop running and we would have to go without many essential industrial products. For another, our life would be seriously affected. For example, all the modern communications were shut up, running water would stop, and all the banks, schools, hospitals and post offices were closed. Without power, the result would be terrible.
Therefore, people should realize the importance of electricity and do everything to guarantee a steady supply of power. On the one hand, we should cultivate a sense of saving electric power. On the other hand, more power stations should be built and other energy resources must be found so as to provide sufficient power for the increasing demand.
審清題意
段首句作文從題目、段首句可以很容易地判斷出文章的體裁和寫(xiě)作的目的。審題時(shí)，應(yīng)著重弄清題目與段首句之間的邏輯關(guān)系，明確題目和段首句所提示的寫(xiě)作范圍、側(cè)重點(diǎn)和方向，從而確定主題思想。比如，第一種段首句的作文題目是Pleasures in Reading(讀書(shū)的樂(lè)趣)，把它與三個(gè)段首句聯(lián)系起來(lái)審題，就能確定文章的主題思想應(yīng)圍繞讀書(shū)給人生帶來(lái)的樂(lè)趣展開(kāi)。
正確理解段首句
正確理解段首句的意旨是續(xù)寫(xiě)成敗的關(guān)鍵，因?yàn)槎问拙淇赡艽硪粋€(gè)段落的主題思想。作者必須在正確理解段首句的基礎(chǔ)上續(xù)寫(xiě)、擴(kuò)展各段。領(lǐng)會(huì)段首句時(shí)，要反復(fù)推敲其含義，找出句中的核心詞，因?yàn)楹诵脑~凝聚著段落的內(nèi)容，指明續(xù)寫(xiě)的方向。核心詞有時(shí)是一個(gè)詞，有時(shí)是一個(gè)短語(yǔ)。比如，Pleasures in Reading的第一段段首句“I enjoy reading very much.” 的核心詞是“enjoy”(喜歡);第二段段首句“In the first place, reading can disperse loneliness.”的核心詞是“disperse loneliness”(消除寂寞);第三段段首句“Furthermore, reading can add fullness to my life.”的核心詞是“add fullness”(豐富生活)。展開(kāi)各段時(shí)，應(yīng)該重點(diǎn)突出、擴(kuò)大、延伸這三個(gè)核心詞所包含的內(nèi)容。
寫(xiě)好擴(kuò)展句
擴(kuò)展句的目的是闡明、展開(kāi)、補(bǔ)充主題句，起著“論據(jù)”、“具體事例”、“詳情解釋”等作用，并使主題句內(nèi)容具體化。也就是說(shuō)，擴(kuò)展句應(yīng)回答“how and why”(怎么樣和為什么)的問(wèn)題。寫(xiě)好擴(kuò)展句就要以核心詞為起始點(diǎn)，緊扣主題思想，深化主題句內(nèi)容。
注意連貫與呼應(yīng)
續(xù)寫(xiě)要注意各段之間內(nèi)容的連貫與呼應(yīng)。如果沒(méi)有審清作文題和段落之間發(fā)展的必然聯(lián)系，就匆忙下筆，生編硬套，勢(shì)必造成各段內(nèi)容松散，前后矛盾。段首句作文三個(gè)段落之間的關(guān)系一般是“并列”和“轉(zhuǎn)折”。如Pleasures in Reading的第二、三段段首句前的兩個(gè)過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)“In the first place”和“Furthermore”表示并列關(guān)系。通過(guò)主題句，我們知道，第一段和第二、第三之間又存在著因果關(guān)系，因?yàn)榈诙⒌谌谓忉屛覟槭裁聪矚g讀書(shū)。續(xù)寫(xiě)這兩段，應(yīng)注意它們之間以及全文的連貫與呼應(yīng)。
以Pleasures in Reading這個(gè)段首句作文題為例。第一段的續(xù)寫(xiě)考慮到開(kāi)頭段的性質(zhì)和作用(概括內(nèi)容、點(diǎn)明主題、交代目的)，應(yīng)明確地闡述本文的中心論點(diǎn)。第二段的續(xù)寫(xiě)可以通過(guò)舉例、擺事實(shí)來(lái)論述讀書(shū)為什么能(why)和怎樣才能(how)“消除寂寞”。第三段同樣用舉例論證法來(lái)論述讀書(shū)為什么和怎樣才能“豐富生活”。這樣續(xù)寫(xiě)，讀起來(lái)感到充分、有說(shuō)服力。請(qǐng)看范文：來(lái)源：www.examda.com
Pleasures in Reading
①I(mǎi) enjoy reading very much. ②Quite often I am so absorbed in a good book that for the time being I forget my surrounding and even myself. ③I think reading can offer me certain pleasures that real life cannot do.④In the first place, reading can disperse loneliness. ⑤In the pages of books I can talk and walk with the wise and the good of all lands and all times. ⑥The people I meet in books are always ready to give me friendship, sympathy, and encouragement, whereas my friends in reality cannot give me these when they leave me.⑦Furthermore, reading can add fullness to my life. ⑧By reading I can travel around the whole world, and lead varied lives. ⑨Through books the beauties of nature, the enjoyment of art, the triumphs of architecture, the marvels of engineering, are all open to my wonder and appreciation. ⑩It can be said those who cannot enjoy reading are poor men; those who enjoy reading most can obtain the greatest pleasure from it. ①主題句 ②舉例說(shuō)明“我”很喜歡讀書(shū) ③結(jié)尾句/過(guò)渡句 ④主題句/樂(lè)趣一 ⑤⑥具體解釋讀書(shū)為什么能和怎樣消除寂寞 ⑦主題句/樂(lè)趣二 ⑧⑨解釋讀書(shū)為什么能和怎樣豐富生活 ⑩總結(jié)全文
再如，在以Chinese Women 為題的這篇段首句作文中，第一段的核心詞是“liberated in many aspects”。因此，第一段應(yīng)著重闡述中國(guó)婦女在哪些方面已獲得了解放。第二段段首句的過(guò)渡詞“However”，表示意思轉(zhuǎn)折，與第一段內(nèi)容形成對(duì)立關(guān)系，要求寫(xiě)婦女沒(méi)有獲得解放的方面。展開(kāi)主題時(shí)，應(yīng)注重事例要典型、突出。第三段給出的句子位于段尾，可視為結(jié)論句。其中“more”一詞表示婦女現(xiàn)在的狀況良好，將來(lái)會(huì)更好。該段的續(xù)寫(xiě)要簡(jiǎn)明扼要地指明婦女目前良好的總體狀況，以便和最后一句自然銜接。請(qǐng)看范文：
Chinese Women
⑴Women in China have been liberated in many aspects. ⑵They enjoy the right to vote; they go to universities; they compete with men in any professional field on equal terms. ⑶They have shown that they are capable of being good leaders and of doing many important things. ⑷Practically, they are “holding up half the sky”.⑸However, there still exist some problems. ⑹Some people think women cannot hold many important posts as men do. ⑺For example, the female college students are often refused to enter into some professions where the male students have the priority. ⑻Besides, women are still treated as the inferior sex in some rural areas. ⑼Their only position is considered to raise children and do household chores.⑽Generally, with the rapid development of our economy, women have made enormous strides in their social status; they get equal position as men do. ⑾In the future, we can expect a more promising prospect for Chinese women. ⑴主題句⑵⑶舉例說(shuō)明婦女在哪些方面獲得解放⑷結(jié)尾句/小結(jié)⑸主題句/指出還存在問(wèn)題⑹問(wèn)題一⑺舉例證明問(wèn)題一⑻問(wèn)題二⑼具體論證問(wèn)題二⑽總結(jié)婦女目前良好的總體狀況⑾展望中國(guó)婦女未來(lái)的狀況
最后，再看Project Hope這篇段首句作文題。根據(jù)所給材料和題目，這篇文章的主題思想是，“希望工程”對(duì)我國(guó)的建設(shè)具有重大的意義。第一段的段首句是“希望工程”的定義。要拓寬這個(gè)定義，續(xù)寫(xiě)內(nèi)容應(yīng)放在“希望工程”的作用、目的、意義上。第二段主題句的核心詞是“important”。擴(kuò)展句應(yīng)從國(guó)家建設(shè)、教育的角度來(lái)論述“希望工程”的重大意義。第三段的段首給出“In my opinion”這一介詞短語(yǔ)，提醒我們這一段應(yīng)闡述自己對(duì)“希望工程”的看法。但要注意緊扣主題思想，避免離題。請(qǐng)看下面的范文：
Project Hope
①Project Hope is an urgent measure that our government has taken to help poor children in China who cannot afford to go to school. ②The project aims at providing underprivileged children with tuition fees, setting up new primary schools, and supplying poorly equipped elementary schools with better teaching facilities.③This project is of great importance to our country. ④In the first place, it brings great hope to thousands of children who can now sit again in their classrooms and acquire knowledge, which will be very useful to their future. ⑤Secondly, as most children have access to education, it will lead to the enhancement of the intelligence level in our country. ⑥Thus the project will benefit the modernization of our country a lot.⑦In my opinion, the project has a far-reaching influence on the construction of our country. ⑧How well a country is developed is largely depends on how well its people are educated. ⑨Therefore, more work should be done to persuade our people throughout the country to make greater contributions to the “Project Hope”. ①“希望工程”的定義 ②“希望工程”的目的 ③主題句/重要性④理由一 ⑤理由二⑥小結(jié)/重申“希望工程”的重要性 ⑦我的意見(jiàn)/看法⑧證明我的看法⑨呼吁人們采取行動(dòng)支持“希望工程”
小結(jié)：在這一講里，我主要談到了段首句作文的形式和寫(xiě)作要領(lǐng)。
下面我們進(jìn)行寫(xiě)作練習(xí)。我將給大家一個(gè)作文題，請(qǐng)大家根據(jù)這一講的內(nèi)容，在30分鐘內(nèi)完成。大家在寫(xiě)作的過(guò)程中要注意審題，考慮文章的結(jié)構(gòu)、采用的擴(kuò)展方法、開(kāi)頭的結(jié)尾的方法等。
練習(xí)：
Directions: For this part, you are allowed thirty minutes to write a composition on the topic Traffic Problems in Our City in three paragraphs. For the first two paragraphs, the first sentence is given and you may just write on to complete the paragraphs. As to the remaining part, you are required to work out a topic sentence and develop it into a well-organized paragraph which will lead to the concluding sentence given at the end of this essay. Your part of the composition should be no less than 120 words, not including the words given.
Traffic Problems in Our City
1. Traffic is one of the essential activities for our city. ____________.
2. Owing to the major part it plays, traffic has long been a serious concern for the municipal government. ______________________.
3. ________________. Only when these problems are effectively solved, will our city be able to survive the nation-wide competition and function as an economic center.
參考文章:
Ever since early last century, electricity has become an essential part of our modern life.The most obvious example is that electricity lamps give us light at night. Besides, electricity is needed when we watch TV or listen to the radio. Electricity is also essential for many household appliances such as air-conditioners, refrigerators and microwave stoves. In a word, there is hardly anything in our modern life that has nothing to do with electric power
If there were no power, our world would be in a state of confusion. For one thing, machines in factories would stop running and we would have to go without many essential industrial products. For another, our life would be seriously affected. For example, all the modern communications were shut up, running water would stop, and all the banks, schools, hospitals and post offices were closed. Without power, the result would be terrible.
Therefore, people should realize the importance of electricity and do everything to guarantee a steady supply of power. On the one hand, we should cultivate a sense of saving electric power. On the other hand, more power stations should be built and other energy resources must be found so as to provide sufficient power for the increasing demand.