Section C

　　Directions: In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is readfor the first time，you should listen carefully for its general idea.When the passage is read forthe second time，you are required to fill in the blanks with the exact words you have justheard. Finally，when the passage is read for the third time，you should check what you havewritten.

　　注意：此部分試題請在答題卡1上作答。

　　Almost every child, on the first day he sets foot in a school building, is smarter, more 26 , lessafraid of what he doesn't know, better at finding and 27 ，more confident, resourceful (機敏的)， persistent and 28 than he will ever be again in his schooling-or, unless he is veryunusual and very lucky, for the rest of his life. Already, by paying close attention to and 29 theworld and people around him, and without any school-type formal instruction, he has done atask far more difficult, complicated and 30 than anything he will be asked to do in school, orthan any of his teachers has done for years. He has solved the 31 of language. He hasdiscovered it-babies don't even know that language exists-and he has found out how it worksand learnt to use it32 . He hasdone it by exploring, by experimenting, by developing his ownmodel of the grammar of language, by33 and seeing whether it works by gradually changing itand 34 it until it does work. And while he has been doing this, he has been learning other thingsas well, including many of the 35 that the schools think only they can teach him, and many thatare more complicated than the ones they do try to teach him.

　　第 5 頁：四級答案

　　Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)

　　Section A

　　Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select oneword for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read thepassage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified bya letter. Please mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through thecentre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

　　Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.

　　The fact is, the world has been finding less oil than it has been using for more than twentyyears now. Not only has demand been 36 , but the oil we have been finding is coming fromplaces that are 37 to reach. At the same time, more of this newly 38 oil is of the type thatrequires a greater investment to 39 . And because demand for this precious resource will grow,according to some, by over 40 percent by 2025, fueling the world's economic 40 will take a lotmore energy from every possible source.

　　The energy industry needs to get more from existing fields while continuing to search for new41 . Automakers must continue to improve fuel efficiency and perfect hybrid (混合動力的)vehicles. Technological improvements are needed so that wind, solar and hydrogen can bemore 42 parts of the energy equation. Governments need to formulate energy policies thatpromote 43 and environmentally sound development Consumers must be willing to pay forsome of these solutions, while practicing conservation efforts of their own.

　　Inaction is not an 44 . So let's work together to balance this equation. We are taking some ofthe 45 needed to get started, but we need your help to go the rest of the way.

　　注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。

　　A)Consequently

　　B)Cultivate

　　C)Declining

　　D)Derived

　　E)Difficult

　　F)Discovered

　　G)economically

　　H)exception

　　I)feasible

　　J)growth

　　K)option

　　L)refine

　　M)reserves

　　N)soaring

　　O)steps

　　Section B

　　Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it.Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs Identify the paragraphfrom which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Eachparagraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter onAnswer Sheet 2.

　　I Cry, Therefore I Am

　　A) In 2008, at a German zoo, a gorilla (大猩猩) named Gana gave birth to a male infant, whodied after three months. Photographs of Gana, looking stricken and inconsolable (傷心欲絕的),attracted crowds to the zoo. Sad as the scene was, the humans, not Gana, were the only onescrying. The notion that animals can weep has no scientific basis. Years of observations bybiologists Dian Fossey, who observed gorillas, and Jane Goodall, who worked with chimpanzees(黑猩猩) , could not prove that animals cry tears from emotion.

　　B) It's true that many animals shed tears, especially in response to pain. Tears protect theeye by keeping it moist. But crying as an expression of feeling is unique to humans and hasplayed an essential role in human evolution and the development of human cultures.

　　C) Within two days an infant can imitate sad and happy faces. If an infant does not cry out, itis unlikely to get the attention it needs to survive. Around 3-4 months, the relationshipbetween the human infant and its environment takes on a more organized communicativerole, and tearful crying begins to serve interpersonal purposes; the search for comfort andpacification (撫慰). As we get older, crying becomes a tool of social interaction: grief andjoy, shame and pride, fear and manipulation.

　　D) Tears are as universal as laughter, and grief is more complex than joy. But although we allciy, we do so in different ways. Women cry more frequently and intensely than men, especiallywhen exposed to emotional events. Like crying, depression is, around the world, morecommonly seen in women than in men. One explanation might be that women, who despitedecades of social advances still suffer from economic inequality, discrimination (歧視) andeven violence, might have more to cry about. Men not only cry for shorter periods thanwomen, but they also are less inclined to explain their tears, usually shed them more quietly,and tend more frequently to apologize when they cry openly. Men, like women, report cryingat the death of a loved one and in response to a moving religious experience. They are morelikely than women to ciy when their core identities-as providers and protectors, as fathers andfighters-are questioned.

　　E) People who score on personality tests as more sympathetic cry more than those who aremore rigid or have more self-control. Frequency of crying varies widely; some shed tears atany novel or movie, others only a handful of times in their lives. Crying in response to stressand conflict in the home, or after emotional trauma (創傷), lasts much longer than tearsinduced by everyday sadness-which in turn last longer than tears of delight and joy.

　　F) Sadness is our primary association with crying, but the fact is that people report feelinghappier after crying. Surveys estimate that 85% of women and 73% of men report feelingbetter after shedding tears. Surprisingly, crying is more commonly associated with minor formsof depression than with major depression involving suicidal thoughts.

　　G) People widely report that crying relieves tension, restores emotional balance and providescatharsis, a washing out of bad feelings. The term " catharsis " has religious implications of

　　removing evil and sin; it's no surprise that religious ceremonies are, around the world, one ofthe main settings for the release of tears.

　　H) Crying is a nearly universal sign of grief, though some mourners report that, despitegenuine sorrow, they cannot shed tears-sometimes even for years after their loved one hasgone. Unlike today, when the privacy of grief is more respected, the public or ceremonialshedding of tears, at the graveside of a spouse or the funeral of a king or queen, was onceconsidered socially or even politically essential.

　　I) Crying has also served other social purposes. Rousseau wrote in his Confessions that whilehe considered tears the most powerful expression of love, he also just liked to cry overnothing.

　　J) The association of tears with art has ancient roots. The classic Greek tragedies of the fifthcentury B. C. were primarily celebrations of gods. Tragedies, like poetry and music, were stagedreligious events. Even then it was recognized that crying in response to drama broughtpleasure.

　　K) I have argued that there are neurobiological(神經生物方面的) associations linking the arts andmood disorders. When I lecture on crying, I ask my audience to let me know, by a show ofhands, which art forms most move them to tears. About 80% say music, followed closely bynovels (74% ), but then the figures fall sharply, to 43% , for poetry, and 10 -22% forpaintings, sculpture and architecture.

　　L) The physical act of crying is mainly one of breathing in air, which is why we choke up whenwe weep. This suggests to language scientists that emotional crying evolved before language,perhaps explaining why tears communicate states of mind and feelings that are often sodifficult to express in words. Of course, from an evolutionary perspective, recognition ofemotion (usually through facial gesture) was essential for survival.

　　M) The earliest humans arrived several million years ago, but only 150,000 to 200,000 yearsago, did cultures, language, religion and the arts arise. Along the way, tears became more thana biological necessity to lubricate (潤滑) the eye and developed into a sign of intense emotionand a signal of social bonding. The development of self-consciousness and the notion ofindividual identity, or ego; storytelling about the origins of the world, the creation of humanityand life after death; and the ability to feel others' sadness-all were critical parts of theneurobiological changes that made us human.

　　N) More recently, we've learned from neuroscience that certain brain circuits (回路) are activated( 激活), rapidly and unconsciously, when we see another in emotional distress. In short, ourbrain evolved circuits to allow us to experience sympathy, which in turn made civilization, andan ethics based on sympathy, possible. So the next time you reach a tissue box, or sob on afriends shoulder, or shed tears at the movies, stop and reflect on why we cry and what itmeans to cry. Because ultimately, while we love to cry, we also cry to love.

　　注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。

　　46. Nowadays people respect the privacy of grief more than in the past.

　　47. Infants cry to attract attention for survival.

　　48. There is no scientific evidence as yet that animals can shed tears from emotion.

　　49. Tears can perform certain communicative functions which words cannot.

　　50. Our ability to experience sympathy is essential to the development of civilization.

　　51. People are more inclined to cry when suffering minor forms of depression.

　　52. Sometimes people cannot cry despite genuine grief.

　　53. In humans' long history, tears have developed an essential role in social relationships.

　　54. Men are less likely to give reasons for their tears.

　　55. Crying has long been associated with art.