四六級(jí)常考語(yǔ)法精講：句式
時(shí)間：
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語(yǔ)法
1. 常考的幾種倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)
1) 當(dāng)表示否定或基本否定的詞或詞組位于句首作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)用倒裝。這類詞或詞組常用的有：never, nowhere, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, barely, not until, not only, by no means, in no time, under no circumstances, under no condition, in no way, in no case, at no time, on no account等。
Never have I heard it before.
Nowhere can I find my lost watch.
Under no circumstance should a student cheat in the exam.
Not only was Churchill a statesman, but also a poet.
Note: 當(dāng) “no sooner … than”和“hardly/scarcely … when/before”位于句首時(shí)用倒裝。該結(jié)構(gòu)表示“一…就…”，在時(shí)態(tài)上主句一般用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，when或than引導(dǎo)的從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
Hardly/Scarcely had I got home when/before the bell rang.
No sooner had the performance begun than the lights went out.
2) 當(dāng)here, there, then, thus, only, hence, little等副詞位于句首，句中主、謂用倒裝。
Here is the book for you.
There goes the bell.
Then came the order to take off.
Thus arose the division between the developed and developing countries.
3) 當(dāng) “so/such … that”結(jié)構(gòu)中的so或such 位于句首時(shí)用倒裝。
So cold was it at night that I could hardly fall asleep.
Such was the force of explosion that all the windows were broken.
4) 分句以so, neither, nor, no more等副詞位于句首，表明前面句子中所說(shuō)明的情況也使用于后面的句子時(shí)用倒裝。
Copper is a good conductor. So are many other metals.
He didn’t see the film last night, neither did she.
2. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型
這里講的強(qiáng)調(diào)句主要是以it為引導(dǎo)詞的分裂句。其構(gòu)成形式為：It is (was) +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+ that(who, which) + 句子的其他部分。被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分通常為主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。
It is only when one is ill that one realizes the value of health.
It is what you will do that is essential.
Note:
在被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分的后面，一般用that引出句子的其他部分。但是如果強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是表示人的名詞，那么也可用who；如果是指物的名詞也可用which。
It was Jane that/who lent me the money.
It was this novel that/which they talked about last night.
如果強(qiáng)調(diào)的是原因狀語(yǔ)從句，只能用because引導(dǎo)，不能由since, as或why引導(dǎo)。
It was because(不用since或as) he had never had the opportunity that John hadn’t learned to drive.
有三類句子成分不可以進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，即表語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和由though, although, whereas等引導(dǎo)的從句。
It is although he is young that he can speak four languages. （誤）
Although he is young, he can speak four languages. （正）
It is whereas he prefers pop song that I like classical music. （誤）
I like classical music whereas he prefers pop songs. （正）
3. 使役動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
使役動(dòng)詞除了要有賓語(yǔ)之外還要加上賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)才能使句子的意義完整。常用的使役動(dòng)詞有：have, want, make, get, leave, set, let等。可以擔(dān)當(dāng)使役動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的有名詞，形容詞，介詞短語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞等。
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
A good night’s rest will set you right.
Note:
動(dòng)詞不定式可以擔(dān)當(dāng)使役動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，但在make, let, have等使役動(dòng)詞后，動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)不用to。
He made her give up the opportunity.
What would you have me do?
Her pride would not let her do this.
分詞也可以擔(dān)當(dāng)使役動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行的主動(dòng)意義，而過(guò)去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成的被動(dòng)意義。
Her remark left me wondering what he was driving at.
The joke set them all laughing.
He managed to get the job done on time.
I’ve just had some new photos taken.
4. 平行結(jié)構(gòu)
在英語(yǔ)中，當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的同等成分（主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等）并列時(shí)，要求它們的詞性或結(jié)構(gòu)相同，即名詞對(duì)名詞，介詞短語(yǔ)對(duì)介詞短語(yǔ)，分詞對(duì)分詞，句子對(duì)句子等等。這就是英語(yǔ)的平行結(jié)構(gòu)準(zhǔn)則。一般在使用并列連詞如and, but, or, neither … nor, either … or, not only .. but also, both … and, more(less) … than, as well as，rather… than等時(shí)，要注意不要違反平行結(jié)構(gòu)準(zhǔn)則。
He likes watching TV more than reading books.
The soldier preferred to die rather than surrender.
We saw Tom walking towards the river, taking off his clothes and plunging into the water.
Censorship prevents a movie from being shown or a book being sold.
5. 反意疑問(wèn)句
在具體運(yùn)用反意疑問(wèn)句時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：
1) 如果陳述句部分是一個(gè)含有賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)雜句，則反意疑問(wèn)部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)代詞要與主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)相對(duì)應(yīng)。
He never said she would come, did he?
You told me I had passed the exam, didn’t you?
但是如果陳述句部分是 “I (don’t) think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect, fancy, reckon等+賓語(yǔ)從句”的結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)代詞要與賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)相對(duì)應(yīng)，并且要注意否定的轉(zhuǎn)移。
I suppose you are not serious, are you?
She imagines that people like her, don’t they?
I don’t believe she knows it, does she? （因don’t的否定意義后移而不用doesn’t）
I didn’t expect she would come, would she? （因didn’t的否定意義后移而不用wouldn’t）
2) 如果陳述句部分是祈使句，則反意疑問(wèn)部分一般用“will you”。在否定祈使句后還是用“will you”。
Read the text, will you?
Don’t be late, will you?
如果陳述句部分是以Let’s開頭的祈使句，則反意疑問(wèn)部分一般用“shall we”；如果是以Let us開頭的祈使句，則反意疑問(wèn)部分一般用“will you”。
Let’s have a party tonight, shall we?
Let us go home, will you?
3) 如果陳述句部分帶有never, nothing, nowhere, hardly, scarcely, seldom, rarely, barely, little, few等否定詞或半否定詞，反意疑問(wèn)部分的動(dòng)詞要用肯定式。
You can hardly believe this, can you?
He has few good reasons for staying, has he?
6. 詞序
當(dāng)多個(gè)形容詞共同修飾一個(gè)名詞時(shí),在意義上同名詞關(guān)系最密切的詞最靠近該名詞，其排列次序?yàn)?ldquo;A + B + C + D + E + F + G + 被修飾的名詞”。其中：A. 表示年齡、新舊的形容詞，如old, young等。B. 表示大小、長(zhǎng)短、高低、重量的形容詞，如little, big, long, heavy等。 C. 表示形態(tài)、形狀的形容詞，如round, square等。D. 表示顏色的形容詞，如red, white, green等。E. 表示國(guó)籍、地區(qū)、出處的形容詞，如British, southern, Italian等。F. 表示物質(zhì)、材料的形容詞，如wooden, rocky等。G. 表示用途、類別、目的、與…有關(guān)等的形容詞，也包括起形容詞作用的名詞和分詞，如medical, writing, geography等。其他形容詞放在上述A類形容詞之前。例如：
a small round brown wooden table
a useless, old, big, heavy, red geography book
a valuable old French writing desk
a strong young Chinese boy student
7. 一些特殊的句型
1) there is no point in doing sth.
該句型意為“做…是無(wú)濟(jì)于事的／沒(méi)有什么用的”。可以用very little 或not much等來(lái)代替no。其中的point是不可數(shù)名詞，作“目的”、“用處”解。
There is very little point in arguing with him.
2) have difficulty (or trouble) in doing sth.
該句型意為“做…有困難”。其中的in可以省略；其中的difficulty和trouble是不可數(shù)名詞，不能有復(fù)數(shù)形式。也可以用there is difficulty(or trouble) in doing sth.表達(dá)相同的意思。
There was little difficulty in finding him.
3) keep (sb. or sth. ) busy doing sth.
該句型意為“使…一直忙著做某事”。需注意的是雖然busy with doing sth.和busy in doing sth.都是正確的，但考題中常考busy doing sth.句型。但如果busy后面跟的是名詞，則要用busy with sth。
We are busy preparing for the examination.
4) feel like doing sth.
該句型意為“想做某事”，且feel like后只能跟動(dòng)名詞，而不能跟動(dòng)詞不定式。此外，feel like后還可跟名詞或代詞，表示“想要某物”。
I was so angry that I felt like throwing something at him.
I feel like beer tonight.
1) 當(dāng)表示否定或基本否定的詞或詞組位于句首作狀語(yǔ)時(shí)用倒裝。這類詞或詞組常用的有：never, nowhere, seldom, rarely, little, hardly, scarcely, barely, not until, not only, by no means, in no time, under no circumstances, under no condition, in no way, in no case, at no time, on no account等。
Never have I heard it before.
Nowhere can I find my lost watch.
Under no circumstance should a student cheat in the exam.
Not only was Churchill a statesman, but also a poet.
Note: 當(dāng) “no sooner … than”和“hardly/scarcely … when/before”位于句首時(shí)用倒裝。該結(jié)構(gòu)表示“一…就…”，在時(shí)態(tài)上主句一般用過(guò)去完成時(shí)，when或than引導(dǎo)的從句用一般過(guò)去時(shí)。
Hardly/Scarcely had I got home when/before the bell rang.
No sooner had the performance begun than the lights went out.
2) 當(dāng)here, there, then, thus, only, hence, little等副詞位于句首，句中主、謂用倒裝。
Here is the book for you.
There goes the bell.
Then came the order to take off.
Thus arose the division between the developed and developing countries.
3) 當(dāng) “so/such … that”結(jié)構(gòu)中的so或such 位于句首時(shí)用倒裝。
So cold was it at night that I could hardly fall asleep.
Such was the force of explosion that all the windows were broken.
4) 分句以so, neither, nor, no more等副詞位于句首，表明前面句子中所說(shuō)明的情況也使用于后面的句子時(shí)用倒裝。
Copper is a good conductor. So are many other metals.
He didn’t see the film last night, neither did she.
2. 強(qiáng)調(diào)句型
這里講的強(qiáng)調(diào)句主要是以it為引導(dǎo)詞的分裂句。其構(gòu)成形式為：It is (was) +被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分+ that(who, which) + 句子的其他部分。被強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分通常為主語(yǔ)、賓語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)。
It is only when one is ill that one realizes the value of health.
It is what you will do that is essential.
Note:
在被強(qiáng)調(diào)部分的后面，一般用that引出句子的其他部分。但是如果強(qiáng)調(diào)的部分是表示人的名詞，那么也可用who；如果是指物的名詞也可用which。
It was Jane that/who lent me the money.
It was this novel that/which they talked about last night.
如果強(qiáng)調(diào)的是原因狀語(yǔ)從句，只能用because引導(dǎo)，不能由since, as或why引導(dǎo)。
It was because(不用since或as) he had never had the opportunity that John hadn’t learned to drive.
有三類句子成分不可以進(jìn)行強(qiáng)調(diào)，即表語(yǔ)、謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和由though, although, whereas等引導(dǎo)的從句。
It is although he is young that he can speak four languages. （誤）
Although he is young, he can speak four languages. （正）
It is whereas he prefers pop song that I like classical music. （誤）
I like classical music whereas he prefers pop songs. （正）
3. 使役動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)
使役動(dòng)詞除了要有賓語(yǔ)之外還要加上賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)才能使句子的意義完整。常用的使役動(dòng)詞有：have, want, make, get, leave, set, let等。可以擔(dān)當(dāng)使役動(dòng)詞賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的有名詞，形容詞，介詞短語(yǔ)，動(dòng)詞不定式和分詞等。
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.
A good night’s rest will set you right.
Note:
動(dòng)詞不定式可以擔(dān)當(dāng)使役動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)，但在make, let, have等使役動(dòng)詞后，動(dòng)詞不定式作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)時(shí)不用to。
He made her give up the opportunity.
What would you have me do?
Her pride would not let her do this.
分詞也可以擔(dān)當(dāng)使役動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進(jìn)行的主動(dòng)意義，而過(guò)去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成的被動(dòng)意義。
Her remark left me wondering what he was driving at.
The joke set them all laughing.
He managed to get the job done on time.
I’ve just had some new photos taken.
4. 平行結(jié)構(gòu)
在英語(yǔ)中，當(dāng)兩個(gè)或兩個(gè)以上的同等成分（主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)，表語(yǔ)，定語(yǔ)，狀語(yǔ)，賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)等）并列時(shí)，要求它們的詞性或結(jié)構(gòu)相同，即名詞對(duì)名詞，介詞短語(yǔ)對(duì)介詞短語(yǔ)，分詞對(duì)分詞，句子對(duì)句子等等。這就是英語(yǔ)的平行結(jié)構(gòu)準(zhǔn)則。一般在使用并列連詞如and, but, or, neither … nor, either … or, not only .. but also, both … and, more(less) … than, as well as，rather… than等時(shí)，要注意不要違反平行結(jié)構(gòu)準(zhǔn)則。
He likes watching TV more than reading books.
The soldier preferred to die rather than surrender.
We saw Tom walking towards the river, taking off his clothes and plunging into the water.
Censorship prevents a movie from being shown or a book being sold.
5. 反意疑問(wèn)句
在具體運(yùn)用反意疑問(wèn)句時(shí)應(yīng)注意以下幾點(diǎn)：
1) 如果陳述句部分是一個(gè)含有賓語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)雜句，則反意疑問(wèn)部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)代詞要與主句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)相對(duì)應(yīng)。
He never said she would come, did he?
You told me I had passed the exam, didn’t you?
但是如果陳述句部分是 “I (don’t) think, believe, suppose, imagine, expect, fancy, reckon等+賓語(yǔ)從句”的結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，反意疑問(wèn)部分的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)代詞要與賓語(yǔ)從句的謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞和主語(yǔ)相對(duì)應(yīng)，并且要注意否定的轉(zhuǎn)移。
I suppose you are not serious, are you?
She imagines that people like her, don’t they?
I don’t believe she knows it, does she? （因don’t的否定意義后移而不用doesn’t）
I didn’t expect she would come, would she? （因didn’t的否定意義后移而不用wouldn’t）
2) 如果陳述句部分是祈使句，則反意疑問(wèn)部分一般用“will you”。在否定祈使句后還是用“will you”。
Read the text, will you?
Don’t be late, will you?
如果陳述句部分是以Let’s開頭的祈使句，則反意疑問(wèn)部分一般用“shall we”；如果是以Let us開頭的祈使句，則反意疑問(wèn)部分一般用“will you”。
Let’s have a party tonight, shall we?
Let us go home, will you?
3) 如果陳述句部分帶有never, nothing, nowhere, hardly, scarcely, seldom, rarely, barely, little, few等否定詞或半否定詞，反意疑問(wèn)部分的動(dòng)詞要用肯定式。
You can hardly believe this, can you?
He has few good reasons for staying, has he?
6. 詞序
當(dāng)多個(gè)形容詞共同修飾一個(gè)名詞時(shí),在意義上同名詞關(guān)系最密切的詞最靠近該名詞，其排列次序?yàn)?ldquo;A + B + C + D + E + F + G + 被修飾的名詞”。其中：A. 表示年齡、新舊的形容詞，如old, young等。B. 表示大小、長(zhǎng)短、高低、重量的形容詞，如little, big, long, heavy等。 C. 表示形態(tài)、形狀的形容詞，如round, square等。D. 表示顏色的形容詞，如red, white, green等。E. 表示國(guó)籍、地區(qū)、出處的形容詞，如British, southern, Italian等。F. 表示物質(zhì)、材料的形容詞，如wooden, rocky等。G. 表示用途、類別、目的、與…有關(guān)等的形容詞，也包括起形容詞作用的名詞和分詞，如medical, writing, geography等。其他形容詞放在上述A類形容詞之前。例如：
a small round brown wooden table
a useless, old, big, heavy, red geography book
a valuable old French writing desk
a strong young Chinese boy student
7. 一些特殊的句型
1) there is no point in doing sth.
該句型意為“做…是無(wú)濟(jì)于事的／沒(méi)有什么用的”。可以用very little 或not much等來(lái)代替no。其中的point是不可數(shù)名詞，作“目的”、“用處”解。
There is very little point in arguing with him.
2) have difficulty (or trouble) in doing sth.
該句型意為“做…有困難”。其中的in可以省略；其中的difficulty和trouble是不可數(shù)名詞，不能有復(fù)數(shù)形式。也可以用there is difficulty(or trouble) in doing sth.表達(dá)相同的意思。
There was little difficulty in finding him.
3) keep (sb. or sth. ) busy doing sth.
該句型意為“使…一直忙著做某事”。需注意的是雖然busy with doing sth.和busy in doing sth.都是正確的，但考題中常考busy doing sth.句型。但如果busy后面跟的是名詞，則要用busy with sth。
We are busy preparing for the examination.
4) feel like doing sth.
該句型意為“想做某事”，且feel like后只能跟動(dòng)名詞，而不能跟動(dòng)詞不定式。此外，feel like后還可跟名詞或代詞，表示“想要某物”。
I was so angry that I felt like throwing something at him.
I feel like beer tonight.