Paper can be made from an almost endless variety of cellulose-based material which will include many woods, cottons and grasses or which papyrus is an example and from where we get the word "paper". Many of these are very specialized, but the preponderance of paper making has been from soft wood and cotton or rags, with the bulk being wood-based.

　　Paper from Wood

　　In order to make wood into paper it needs to be broken down into fine strands. Firstly by powerful machinery and then boiled with strong alkalies such as caustic soda, until a fine pulp of cellulose fibers is produced. It is from this pulp that the final product is made, relying on the bonding together of the cellulose into layers. That, in a very small nutshell, is the essence

　　of paper making from wood. However, the reality is rather more complicated. In order to give us our white paper and card, the makers will add bleach and other materials such as china clay and additional chemicals.

　　A further problem with wood is that it contains a material that is not cellulose. Something called lignin. This is essential for the tree since it holds the cellulose fibres together, but if it is incorporated into the manufactured paper it presents archivists with a problem. Lignin eventually breaks down and releases acid products into the paper. This will weaken the bond between the cellulose fibers and the paper will become brittle and look rather brown and careworn. We have all seen this in old newspapers and cheap paperback books. It has been estimated that most paper back books will have a life of not greater than fifty years. Not what we need for our archives.

　　Since the lignin can be removed from the paper pulp during manufacture, the obvious question is "why is it left in the paper?" The answer lies in the fact that lignin makes up a considerable part of the tree. By leaving the lignin in the pulp a papermaker can increase his paper yield from a tree to some 95%. Removing it means a yield of only 35%. It is clearly uneconomic to remove the lignin for many paper and card applications.

　　It also means, of course, that lignin-free paper is going to be more expensive, but that is nevertheless what the archivist must look for in his supplies. There is no point whatsoever in carefully placing our valuable artifacts in paper or card that is going to hasten their demise. Acid is particularly harmful to photographic materials, causing them to fade and is some cases simply vanish!

　　So, how do we tell a piece of suitable paper or card from one that is unsuitable? You cannot do it by simply looking, and rather disappointingly, you cannot always rely on the label. "Acid-free" might be true inasmuch as a test on the paper may

　　indicate that it is a neutral material at this time. But lignin can take years before it starts the inevitable process of breaking down, and in the right conditions it will speed up enormously.

　　Added to this, as I have indicated earlier, paper may also contain other materials added during manufacture such as bleach, china clay, chemical whiteners and size. This looks like a bleak picture, and it would be but for the fact that there are suppliers who will guarantee the material that they sell. If you want to be absolutely sure that you are storing in, or printing on,

　　the correct material then this is probably the only way.

　　Incidentally, acids can migrate from material to material. Lining old shoe boxes with good quality acid-free paper will do little to guard the contents. The acid will get there in the end.

　　Paper from Rag

　　Paper is also commonly made from cotton and rag waste. This has the advantage of being lignin-free, but because there is much less cotton and rag than trees, it also tends to be much more expensive than wood pulp paper. You will still need to

　　purchase from a reliable source though, since even rag paper and card can contain undesirable additives.

　　A reliable source for quality rag papers is a recognized art stockiest. Many water color artists insist on using only fine quality rag paper and board.

　　The main lesson to learn from this information is that you cannot rely on purchasing archival materials from the high street. The only safe solution is to purchase from specialist suppliers. It may cost rather more, but in the end you will know that your important and valuable data and images have the best home possible.

　　注意：此部分試題請在答題卡1上作答;8-10題在答題卡1上。

　　1. The corn-flake packet is cheaper than __

　　[A] high grade card

　　[B] middle grade card

　　[C] low grade card

　　[D] any grade card

　　2. There are a lot of materials which can be used for making paper, but the superiority ones are __

　　[A] woods, cottons and grasses

　　[B] soft wood and cotton

　　[C] soft wood, cotton and rags

　　[D] cottons and grasses

　　3. During the whole manufacturing process, the final product is made from

　　[A] strong alkalies

　　[B] caustic soda

　　[C] cellulose fibres

　　[D] a pulp of cellulose fibres

　　4. In order to make white paper and card, the makers will add __

　　[A] albescent

　　[B] bleach

　　[C] escharotic

　　[D] lysozyme

　　5. is essential for the tree but it will make paper easy to break.

　　[A] Acid

　　[B] Alkali

　　[C] Cellulose fibres

　　[D] Liguin

　　6. Many paper producers will preserve lignin during manufacture, because __

　　[A] leaving the lignin will decrease his paper yield

　　[B] leaving the lignin will make more paper from a tree

　　[C] liguin is very useful in the process

　　[D] lignin is essential for making paper

　　7. __ is particularly harmful to photographic materials,

　　[A] Liguin

　　[B] Bleach

　　[C] Acid

　　[D] Chemical whiteners

　　8. If the lignin is removed from the paper, the paper will be___________

　　9. Although free of lignin, paper made from cotton and rag waste can also cost more money than wood pulp paper because___________

　　10. What we can learn from "Paper from Rag" is that you had better buy archival materials___________

　　文章精要

　　本文主要介紹了我們平常所見所用的紙的復雜性，通過介紹用木頭和破布料造紙的過程，使我們對紙的類別、屬性有了更深入的了解。

　　1.A信息明示題。根據題干中的信息提示詞corn—flake packet可定位到文章第二段，該部分最后提到corn-flake packet在制造過程中比高等級的紙(high grade card)便宜，故本題選A。

　　2.C信息明示題。根據題干中的信息提示詞superiority可定位到文章第三段最后一句，該句提到許多材料都適用于造紙，但最好的是軟木、棉花和碎布料，故本題選C。

　　3.D信息明示題。根據題干中的信息提示詞the final product可定位到文章第一個標題的第一段，第二、三句提到最后的產品來源于纖維素紙漿，故本題選D。

　　4.B信息明示題。根據題干中的信息提示詞in order to和white paper可定位到文章第一個標題的第一段，該部分最后提到為了得到白紙，紙張生產者在制造過程中添加了漂白粉和其他化學物質，故本題選B。

　　5.D信息明示題。根據題干中的信息提示詞essential for the tree和make paper easy to break可定位到文章第一個標題的第二段，該部分提到木質素是木頭的主要組成物，其作用是凝聚纖維素，但它會使紙張變得易碎，故本題選D。

　　6.B信息明示題。根據題干中的信息提示詞preserve lignin during manufacture可定位到文章第一個標題下的第三段，該部分最后提到許多紙張生產者在生產過程中會保留木質素，主要是因為它會增加樹木的造紙產量，故本題選B。

　　7.C信息明示題。根據題干中的信息提示詞photographic materials可定位到文章第一個標題下的第四段，該部分最后提到酸對相紙的原料尤其不利，故本題選C。

　　8.more expensive。信息明示題。根據題干中的信息提示詞lignin和paper可定位到文章的第一個小標題下的第三段，因為該段提到，如果在紙張的生產中去除木質素，將會降低樹木出產紙張的量，由此可以知道，去除了木質素的紙張價格必定會更加昂貴，由此可以得出答案。

　　9.there is much less cotton and rag than trees。信息明示題。根據題干中的信息提示詞cotton and rag waste可定位到文章的第二個小標題，該部分第一段告訴我們，盡管用棉花和破布料造的紙里沒有木質素，但它們要比木制的紙貴很多，這是因為棉花和破布料的數量比樹木少得多，由此可以得出答案。

　　10.from specialist suppliers。信息明示題。根據題干中的信息提示詞Paper from Ra9可定位到文章的最后一段，該部分提出最好到專業的供應商那里去買檔案材料，由此可以得出答案。